京橋のバイオインフォマティシャンの日常

南国のビーチパラソルの下で、Rプログラムを打ってる日常を求めて、、Daily Life of Bioinformatician in Kyobashi of Osaka

M1 Mac環境で、flash2を使ってペアエンドfastqをマージしてみた件

はじめに

この記事では、flash2を使った、ペアエンドリード(paired-end read)のマージ(read merge)、オーバーラップ(read overlap)とその他諸設定について紹介します。 flash2のもともとのアルゴリズムは、「FLASH (Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads) 」と言われるものです。 名前からも推測できる通り、flash2は、FLASHの改良版となります。

github.com

FLASH は、リードの長さが2倍より短いDNA断片から生成されたペアエンドリードを、 正確かつ高速に、ペアエンドリードをマージする(リード同士を結合する)ためのツールの1つです。 マージされたリードペアは長いリードとして、リード数のカウントをしたり、 ゲノムアセンブリやゲノム解析のプロセスで活用されたりします。

このFLASHアルゴリズムでは、リードペア間の最小長以上のオーバーラップをすべて考慮し、ミスマッチ密度(オーバーラップ領域内のミスマッチ塩基の割合)が最も低くなるオーバーラップを選択しています。また、ミスマッチ部位の品質スコアも考慮しています。 マージされた配列を構築する際に、FLASHはオーバーラップした領域のコンセンサス配列を計算しています。

一方で、flash2の実行には、いくつかの制限があります。 当然ながら、オーバーラップしていないペアエンドリードのマージには使えません。 また、ペアエンドのfastqデータに適していて、サンガーシーケンスのデータには基本的に適していません。

FLASHの原著論文

 

Title: FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies
Authors: Tanja Magoč and Steven L. Salzberg

詳しくは、原著論文を確認してみてください。

bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org

今回のzsh実行環境

macOS Big Sur (バージョン11.5.2)
MacBook Air (M1, 2020)
チップ Apple M1
メモリ 16GB

M1 Macにおけるflash2のインストール

flash2は、GitHubからクローンして、ソースからコンパイルします。 コンパイルといっても、「ダウンロードとmake実行」でインストールが完了します。

おそらく最近のMacでも、ダウンロードには事前にgitコマンドを設定する必要があります。

gitコマンドの設定方法や使い方は、過去記事を参考のこと。

skume.net

ターミナル(zsh)を起動して、以下のコマンドを実行していきます。

#ダウンロード
git clone https://github.com/dstreett/FLASH2.git

#ディレクトリ移動
cd FLASH2

#コンパイル
make

#パス設定の前段階: 手っ取り早く"/opt/homebrew/bin"に置いておく
cd ../
mv FLASH2 /opt/homebrew/bin

#HOMEに移動
#cd ~/

#パスを.zshrcを書き込む
echo 'export PATH="/opt/homebrew/bin/FLASH2:$PATH"' >> .zshrc

#いったんソースする
source .zshrc
 
#パス設定
which flash2
#/opt/homebrew/bin/FLASH2/flash2

#ヘルプで動作確認: 出力表示は補足に記載
flash2 -h

flash2によるペアエンドfastqのマージ実行

flash2の実行には、ペアエンドのfastqファイル(2つのfastq)が入力ファイルとして必要です。

GAGE (Genome Assembly Gold-standard Evaluation) というサイトがあって、 fastqのテストデータを色々と用意してくれているので、今回、それをテスト用のデータとして使うことにします。

 

gage.cbcb.umd.edu

詳しくは、GAGEの原著論文もあります。

genome.cshlp.org

GAGEからペアエンドのfastqデータを取得する

今回、GAGEから1. Staphylococcus aureus (黄色ブドウ球菌)のシーケンスデータをダウンロードします。

簡単なサンプル情報は下記に示します。

# テストデータ
# Staphylococcus aureus: Data download page
# Library 1: Fragment
# Avg Read length: 101bp
# Insert length: 180bp
# # of reads: 1,294,104

まずは、Read1とRead2のFastqファイルをそれぞれwgetでダウンロードして、gzipで解凍します。

#ダウンロード
wget http://gage.cbcb.umd.edu/data/Staphylococcus_aureus/Data.original/frag_1.fastq.gz http://gage.cbcb.umd.edu/data/Staphylococcus_aureus/Data.original/frag_2.fastq.gz

#解凍
gzip -d -k frag_1.fastq.gz
gzip -d -k frag_2.fastq.gz

#ファイルの詳細表示
ls -lh
#-rw-r--r--  1 sas  staff   140M  4 15  2011 frag_1.fastq
#-rw-r--r--  1 sas  staff    61M  4 15  2011 frag_1.fastq.gz
#-rw-r--r--  1 sas  staff   140M  4 15  2011 frag_2.fastq
#-rw-r--r--  1 sas  staff    65M  4 15  2011 frag_2.fastq.gz

データは、fastq.gz形式で約60Mバイト、生データで約150MBバイトという、 低スペックPCにも優しい低容量です。

次に、実際に、flash2コマンドを使って、リードのマージを行います。 入力は、2つのfastqファイルを使います。 -tオプションでは、worker threadsの数を指定します。

#実行
flash2 frag_1.fastq frag_2.fastq -t 2

#[FLASH] Starting FLASH v2.2.00
#[FLASH] Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Input files:
#[FLASH]     frag_1.fastq
#[FLASH]     frag_2.fastq
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Output files:
#[FLASH]     ./out.extendedFrags.fastq
#[FLASH]     ./out.notCombined_1.fastq
#[FLASH]     ./out.notCombined_2.fastq
#[FLASH]     ./out.hist
#[FLASH]     ./out.histogram
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Parameters:
#[FLASH]     Min overlap:           10
#[FLASH]     Min overlap outie:     35
#[FLASH]     Max overlap:           65
#[FLASH]     Max mismatch density:  0.250000
#[FLASH]     Allow "outie" pairs:   true
#[FLASH]     Cap mismatch quals:    false
#[FLASH]     Combiner threads:      2
#[FLASH]     Input format:          FASTQ, phred_offset=33
#[FLASH]     Output format:         FASTQ, phred_offset=33
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Starting reader and writer threads
#[FLASH] Starting 2 combiner threads
#[FLASH] Processed 25000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 50000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 75000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 100000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 125000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 150000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 175000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 200000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 225000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 250000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 275000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 300000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 325000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 350000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 375000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 400000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 425000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 450000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 475000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 500000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 525000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 550000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 575000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 600000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 625000 read pairs
#[FLASH] Processed 647052 read pairs
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Read combination statistics:
#[FLASH]     Total pairs:       647052
#[FLASH]     Discarded pairs:   262
#[FLASH]     Percent Discarded: 0.04%
#[FLASH]     Combined pairs:    370303
#[FLASH]         Innie pairs:   369148 (99.69% of combined)
#[FLASH]         Outie pairs:   1155 (0.31% of combined)
#[FLASH]     Uncombined pairs:  276487
#[FLASH]     Percent combined:  57.25%
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] Writing histogram files.
#[FLASH]  
#[FLASH] FLASH v2.2.00 complete!
#[FLASH] 11.136 seconds elapsed

解析が終って、出力結果(out.histogram)を出力表示すれば、テキストのヒストグラムとして結果を確認できます。 アスタリスクのヒストグラムは、なんとも乙な感じです。

#結果確認
#ヒストグラム確認
tail -n 90 out.histogram

#103   
#104   
#105   
#106   
#107   
#108   
#109   
#110   
#111   
#112   
#113   
#114   
#115   *
#116   *
#117   *
#118   *
#119   *
#120   *
#121   **
#122   **
#123   ***
#124   ***
#125   ****
#126   *****
#127   ******
#128   ********
#129   ********
#130   ***********
#131   ************
#132   **************
#133   *****************
#134   ********************
#135   **********************
#136   *************************
#137   *****************************
#138   *******************************
#139   ************************************
#140   *************************************
#141   ****************************************
#142   *********************************************
#143   ************************************************
#144   **************************************************
#145   ******************************************************
#146   ********************************************************
#147   ***********************************************************
#148   *************************************************************
#149   ***************************************************************
#150   ****************************************************************
#151   *****************************************************************
#152   *******************************************************************
#153   ********************************************************************
#154   **********************************************************************
#155   ********************************************************************
#156   ***********************************************************************
#157   **********************************************************************
#158   ***********************************************************************
#159   *********************************************************************
#160   ***********************************************************************
#161   **********************************************************************
#162   ************************************************************************
#163   ***********************************************************************
#164   *********************************************************************
#165   **********************************************************************
#166   ***********************************************************************
#167   *******************************************************************
#168   *******************************************************************
#169   ********************************************************************
#170   ******************************************************************
#171   *****************************************************************
#172   *****************************************************************
#173   ****************************************************************
#174   ****************************************************************
#175   *************************************************************
#176   *************************************************************
#177   **************************************************************
#178   **************************************************************
#179   **********************************************************
#180   **********************************************************
#181   **********************************************************
#182   *********************************************************
#183   ******************************************************
#184   ******************************************************
#185   *******************************************************
#186   ******************************************************
#187   **************************************************
#188   **************************************************
#189   ****************************************************
#190   ******************************************************
#191   **********************************************
#192   ***********************************************

また、マージされたリードが出力されたFastq(out.extendedFrags.fastq)や ヒストグラムの数値のテキスト出力ファイルであるout.histもあります。

マージされなかったリードは、 out.notCombined_1.fastq、out.notCombined_2.fastqとしてアウトプットされます。

#Extended FASTQ 確認
head out.extendedFrags.fastq
#@SRR022868.1483
#TCATACATATTAATATAGTCAGAACTAGTAATATAATTTTGGGCATTTCTATATAAATATCTATTCCATGACAGAAATACACATTGCGCTGGTCTTCCCATTTCTTTAAATAAATTTAAACGATTAATAATTGCTTTCTCT
#+
#IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIGIBECEIF8E;DEAE7<I1ICD2ICB%8I1354I25;A9E=>52?AI6;795:%6BIACII;II@<IIIIIA<0AFI3FIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
#@SRR022868.1630
#AATATGAAGCAATTTTTTCAAAAACGCTATTAGTCACAAAATGTAAACATAATTTTAACAAATGTGTGAACCCACGTCGCACCTTGATTTATCAACATTTTTGATACAATTTTATTAATTTTTTTCCCATAAGCCCT
#+
#IIIIIIIIIIIIFIIIII>IIIBFIIIIII1II/5I:I5@6EI24%81+<,&+A4436(3,3,+*A+00(*#0/62,/&;&2.10-/3202+F+-8;+8,>31;?-:5%584+$)G2I6I438C9IIII.I,6)IIB
#@SRR022868.1854
#TTCTGTGTATGAAAATATTTTTCATAAAAATTGTTTGAATCATGTAACAATCATATAAATTGCTGTTTATATTGTTGTGAAAATGAGTTGACAAAAGTCGGTATAGATATGTAGACATCCTATTTTTAGCGAG

#ヒストグラムのヘッド表示
head out.hist
#35    15
#36    12
#37    4
#38    11
#39    9
#40    7
#41    12
#42    10
#43    8
#44    11

まとめ

flash2を使って、ペアエンド・リードのマージをやってみました。 ソースからコンパイルすると、設定が少なくて助かります。 あと、M1 Macでもちゃんとコンパイルが通るもんなんですね。感心。

便利なバイオインフォのツールがたくさんありそうので、 引き続き、ツール発掘を続けてみます。

ゲノム解析の関連記事

skume.net

skume.net

skume.net

skume.net

skume.net

参考資料

kazumaxneo.hatenablog.com

https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/FLASH/ccb.jhu.edu

補足

FASTQ形式からFASTA形式への変換 - sedコマンドを使う方法

sedコマンドを使って、Fastqファイルから必要な行を選択的に出力することができます。 4行ごとに1行目と2行目を出力すれば、配列のヘッダーとFASTAフォーマットに必要な配列が得られます。

下記のような実行例になります。

sed -n '1~4s/^@/>/p;2~4p' INFILE.fastq > OUTFILE.fasta

bioinformaticsworkbook.org

FASTQ形式からFASTA形式への変換 - fastq_to_fastaを使う方法

fastq_to_fastaは、FASTX-toolkitで利用可能です。巨大なデータセットでもうまく対応できます。下記のような実行例になります。

fastq_to_fasta -n -i INFILE.fastq -o OUTFILE.fasta

hannonlab.cshl.edu

Anacondaの設定

結局使わなかったけども、、Anacondaの設定もメモしておきます

まずは、brewコマンドで、Anacondaをインストールします。

以下のbrew install --caskコマンドで入ります。

#インストール
brew install --cask anaconda
#...
#==> Downloading https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2022.05-MacOSX-arm64
#==> Installing Cask anaconda
#==> Running installer script 'Anaconda3-2022.05-MacOSX-arm64.sh'

#パス設定
echo 'export PATH="/opt/homebrew/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"' >> .zshrc
#tail -n 1 .zshrc
source .zshrc

#パス確認
echo $PATH

#condaパス確認
which conda
#/opt/homebrew/anaconda3/bin/conda

FLASH-1.2.11のインストール方法 from sourceforge.net

これは、FLASHのオリジナル版のインストール方法です。

ターミナルを起動して、以下のコマンドを実行していきます。

#ダウンロード
wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/flashpage/files/FLASH-1.2.11.tar.gz

#解凍
tar xzf FLASH-1.2.11.tar.gz

#ディレクトリ移動
cd FLASH-1.2.11

#コンパイル
make

#パス設定の前段階: 手っ取り早く"/opt/homebrew/bin"に置いておく
cd ../
mv FLASH-1.2.11 /opt/homebrew/bin

#HOMEに移動
cd ~/

#パスを.zshrcを書き込む
echo 'export PATH="/opt/homebrew/bin/FLASH-1.2.11:$PATH"' >> .zshrc

#いったんソースする
source .zshrc
 
#パス設定
which flash

#ヘルプで動作確認: 出力表示は補足に記載
flash -h

flash -h の出力

Usage: flash [OPTIONS] MATES_1.FASTQ MATES_2.FASTQ
       flash [OPTIONS] --interleaved-input (MATES.FASTQ | -)
       flash [OPTIONS] --tab-delimited-input (MATES.TAB | -)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 DESCRIPTION                                
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

FLASH (Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads) is an accurate and fast tool
to merge paired-end reads that were generated from DNA fragments whose
lengths are shorter than twice the length of reads.  Merged read pairs result
in unpaired longer reads, which are generally more desired in genome
assembly and genome analysis processes.

Briefly, the FLASH algorithm considers all possible overlaps at or above a
minimum length between the reads in a pair and chooses the overlap that
results in the lowest mismatch density (proportion of mismatched bases in
the overlapped region).  Ties between multiple overlaps are broken by
considering quality scores at mismatch sites.  When building the merged
sequence, FLASH computes a consensus sequence in the overlapped region.
More details can be found in the original publication
(http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/21/2957.full).

Limitations of FLASH include:
   - FLASH cannot merge paired-end reads that do not overlap.
   - FLASH is not designed for data that has a significant amount of indel
     errors (such as Sanger sequencing data).  It is best suited for Illumina
     data.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               MANDATORY INPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The most common input to FLASH is two FASTQ files containing read 1 and read 2
of each mate pair, respectively, in the same order.

Alternatively, you may provide one FASTQ file, which may be standard input,
containing paired-end reads in either interleaved FASTQ (see the
--interleaved-input option) or tab-delimited (see the --tab-delimited-input
option) format.  In all cases, gzip compressed input is autodetected.  Also,
in all cases, the PHRED offset is, by default, assumed to be 33; use the
--phred-offset option to change it.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The default output of FLASH consists of the following files:

   - out.extendedFrags.fastq      The merged reads.
   - out.notCombined_1.fastq      Read 1 of mate pairs that were not merged.
   - out.notCombined_2.fastq      Read 2 of mate pairs that were not merged.
   - out.hist                     Numeric histogram of merged read lengths.
   - out.histogram                Visual histogram of merged read lengths.

FLASH also logs informational messages to standard output.  These can also be
redirected to a file, as in the following example:

  $ flash reads_1.fq reads_2.fq 2>&1 | tee flash.log

In addition, FLASH supports several features affecting the output:

   - Writing the merged reads directly to standard output (--to-stdout)
   - Writing gzip compressed output files (-z) or using an external
     compression program (--compress-prog)
   - Writing the uncombined read pairs in interleaved FASTQ format
     (--interleaved-output)
   - Writing all output reads to a single file in tab-delimited format
     (--tab-delimited-output)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   OPTIONS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -m, --min-overlap=NUM   The minimum required overlap length between two
                          reads to provide a confident overlap.  Default:
                          10bp.

  -M, --max-overlap=NUM   Maximum overlap length expected in approximately
                          90% of read pairs.  It is by default set to 65bp,
                          which works well for 100bp reads generated from a
                          180bp library, assuming a normal distribution of
                          fragment lengths.  Overlaps longer than the maximum
                          overlap parameter are still considered as good
                          overlaps, but the mismatch density (explained below)
                          is calculated over the first max_overlap bases in
                          the overlapped region rather than the entire
                          overlap.  Default: 65bp, or calculated from the
                          specified read length, fragment length, and fragment
                          length standard deviation.

  -x, --max-mismatch-density=NUM
                          Maximum allowed ratio between the number of
                          mismatched base pairs and the overlap length.
                          Two reads will not be combined with a given overlap
                          if that overlap results in a mismatched base density
                          higher than this value.  Note: Any occurence of an
                          'N' in either read is ignored and not counted
                          towards the mismatches or overlap length.  Our
                          experimental results suggest that higher values of
                          the maximum mismatch density yield larger
                          numbers of correctly merged read pairs but at
                          the expense of higher numbers of incorrectly
                          merged read pairs.  Default: 0.25.

  -O, --allow-outies      Also try combining read pairs in the "outie"
                          orientation, e.g.

                               Read 1: <-----------
                               Read 2:       ------------>

                          as opposed to only the "innie" orientation, e.g.

                               Read 1:       <------------
                               Read 2: ----------->

                          FLASH uses the same parameters when trying each
                          orientation.  If a read pair can be combined in
                          both "innie" and "outie" orientations, the
                          better-fitting one will be chosen using the same
                          scoring algorithm that FLASH normally uses.

                          This option also causes extra .innie and .outie
                          histogram files to be produced.

  -p, --phred-offset=OFFSET
                          The smallest ASCII value of the characters used to
                          represent quality values of bases in FASTQ files.
                          It should be set to either 33, which corresponds
                          to the later Illumina platforms and Sanger
                          platforms, or 64, which corresponds to the
                          earlier Illumina platforms.  Default: 33.

  -r, --read-len=LEN
  -f, --fragment-len=LEN
  -s, --fragment-len-stddev=LEN
                          Average read length, fragment length, and fragment
                          standard deviation.  These are convenience parameters
                          only, as they are only used for calculating the
                          maximum overlap (--max-overlap) parameter.
                          The maximum overlap is calculated as the overlap of
                          average-length reads from an average-size fragment
                          plus 2.5 times the fragment length standard
                          deviation.  The default values are -r 100, -f 180,
                          and -s 18, so this works out to a maximum overlap of
                          65 bp.  If --max-overlap is specified, then the
                          specified value overrides the calculated value.

                          If you do not know the standard deviation of the
                          fragment library, you can probably assume that the
                          standard deviation is 10% of the average fragment
                          length.

  --cap-mismatch-quals    Cap quality scores assigned at mismatch locations
                          to 2.  This was the default behavior in FLASH v1.2.7
                          and earlier.  Later versions will instead calculate
                          such scores as max(|q1 - q2|, 2); that is, the
                          absolute value of the difference in quality scores,
                          but at least 2.  Essentially, the new behavior
                          prevents a low quality base call that is likely a
                          sequencing error from significantly bringing down
                          the quality of a high quality, likely correct base
                          call.

  --interleaved-input     Instead of requiring files MATES_1.FASTQ and
                          MATES_2.FASTQ, allow a single file MATES.FASTQ that
                          has the paired-end reads interleaved.  Specify "-"
                          to read from standard input.

  --interleaved-output    Write the uncombined pairs in interleaved FASTQ
                          format.

  -I, --interleaved       Equivalent to specifying both --interleaved-input
                          and --interleaved-output.

  -Ti, --tab-delimited-input
                          Assume the input is in tab-delimited format
                          rather than FASTQ, in the format described below in
                          '--tab-delimited-output'.  In this mode you should
                          provide a single input file, each line of which must
                          contain either a read pair (5 fields) or a single
                          read (3 fields).  FLASH will try to combine the read
                          pairs.  Single reads will be written to the output
                          file as-is if also using --tab-delimited-output;
                          otherwise they will be ignored.  Note that you may
                          specify "-" as the input file to read the
                          tab-delimited data from standard input.

  -To, --tab-delimited-output
                          Write output in tab-delimited format (not FASTQ).
                          Each line will contain either a combined pair in the
                          format 'tag <tab> seq <tab> qual' or an uncombined
                          pair in the format 'tag <tab> seq_1 <tab> qual_1
                          <tab> seq_2 <tab> qual_2'.

  -o, --output-prefix=PREFIX
                          Prefix of output files.  Default: "out".

  -d, --output-directory=DIR
                          Path to directory for output files.  Default:
                          current working directory.

  -c, --to-stdout         Write the combined reads to standard output.  In
                          this mode, with FASTQ output (the default) the
                          uncombined reads are discarded.  With tab-delimited
                          output, uncombined reads are included in the
                          tab-delimited data written to standard output.
                          In both cases, histogram files are not written,
                          and informational messages are sent to standard
                          error rather than to standard output.

  -z, --compress          Compress the output files directly with zlib,
                          using the gzip container format.  Similar to
                          specifying --compress-prog=gzip and --suffix=gz,
                          but may be slightly faster.

  --compress-prog=PROG    Pipe the output through the compression program
                          PROG, which will be called as `PROG -c -',
                          plus any arguments specified by --compress-prog-args.
                          PROG must read uncompressed data from standard input
                          and write compressed data to standard output when
                          invoked as noted above.
                          Examples: gzip, bzip2, xz, pigz.

  --compress-prog-args=ARGS
                          A string of additional arguments that will be passed
                          to the compression program if one is specified with
                          --compress-prog=PROG.  (The arguments '-c -' are
                          still passed in addition to explicitly specified
                          arguments.)

  --suffix=SUFFIX, --output-suffix=SUFFIX
                          Use SUFFIX as the suffix of the output files
                          after ".fastq".  A dot before the suffix is assumed,
                          unless an empty suffix is provided.  Default:
                          nothing; or 'gz' if -z is specified; or PROG if
                          --compress-prog=PROG is specified.

  -t, --threads=NTHREADS  Set the number of worker threads.  This is in
                          addition to the I/O threads.  Default: number of
                          processors.  Note: if you need FLASH's output to
                          appear deterministically or in the same order as
                          the original reads, you must specify -t 1
                          (--threads=1).

  -q, --quiet             Do not print informational messages.

  -h, --help              Display this help and exit.

  -v, --version           Display version.

Run `flash --help | less' to prevent this text from scrolling by.

flash2 --h の出力

Usage: flash [OPTIONS] MATES_1.FASTQ MATES_2.FASTQ
       flash [OPTIONS] --interleaved-input (MATES.FASTQ | -)
       flash [OPTIONS] --tab-delimited-input (MATES.TAB | -)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 DESCRIPTION                                
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

FLASH (Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads) is an accurate and fast tool
to merge paired-end reads that were generated from DNA fragments whose
lengths are shorter than twice the length of reads.  Merged read pairs result
in unpaired longer reads, which are generally more desired in genome
assembly and genome analysis processes.

Briefly, the FLASH algorithm considers all possible overlaps at or above a
minimum length between the reads in a pair and chooses the overlap that
results in the lowest mismatch density (proportion of mismatched bases in
the overlapped region).  Ties between multiple overlaps are broken by
considering quality scores at mismatch sites.  When building the merged
sequence, FLASH computes a consensus sequence in the overlapped region.
More details can be found in the original publication
(http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/21/2957.full).

Limitations of FLASH include:
   - FLASH cannot merge paired-end reads that do not overlap.
   - FLASH is not designed for data that has a significant amount of indel
     errors (such as Sanger sequencing data).  It is best suited for Illumina
     data.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               MANDATORY INPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The most common input to FLASH is two FASTQ files containing read 1 and read 2
of each mate pair, respectively, in the same order.

Alternatively, you may provide one FASTQ file, which may be standard input,
containing paired-end reads in either interleaved FASTQ (see the
--interleaved-input option) or tab-delimited (see the --tab-delimited-input
option) format.  In all cases, gzip compressed input is autodetected.  Also,
in all cases, the PHRED offset is, by default, assumed to be 33; use the
--phred-offset option to change it.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   OUTPUT
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

The default output of FLASH consists of the following files:

   - out.extendedFrags.fastq      The merged reads.
   - out.notCombined_1.fastq      Read 1 of mate pairs that were not merged.
   - out.notCombined_2.fastq      Read 2 of mate pairs that were not merged.
   - out.hist                     Numeric histogram of merged read lengths.
   - out.histogram                Visual histogram of merged read lengths.

FLASH also logs informational messages to standard output.  These can also be
redirected to a file, as in the following example:

  $ flash reads_1.fq reads_2.fq 2>&1 | tee flash.log

In addition, FLASH supports several features affecting the output:

   - Writing the merged reads directly to standard output (--to-stdout)
   - Writing gzip compressed output files (-z) or using an external
     compression program (--compress-prog)
   - Writing the uncombined read pairs in interleaved FASTQ format
     (--interleaved-output)
   - Writing all output reads to a single file in tab-delimited format
     (--tab-delimited-output)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   OPTIONS
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

  -Q, --quality-cutoff=NUM  The cut off number for the quality score
                          corresponding wtih the percent cutoff.  Default:
                          2.
  -C, --percent-cutoff=NUM   The cutoff percentage for each read that will
                          be discarded if it falls below -Q option. (0-100)  Default:
                          50.
  -D, --no-discard         This turns off the discard logic Default: false

  -m, --min-overlap=NUM   The minimum required overlap length between two
                          reads to provide a confident overlap. Default 10bp.

  -M, --max-overlap=NUM   Maximum overlap length expected in approximately
                          90% of read pairs.  It is by default set to 65bp,
                          which works well for 100bp reads generated from a
                          180bp library, assuming a normal distribution of
                          fragment lengths.  Overlaps longer than the maximum
                          overlap parameter are still considered as good
                          overlaps, but the mismatch density (explained below)
                          is calculated over the first max_overlap bases in
                          the overlapped region rather than the entire
                          overlap.  Default: 65bp, or calculated from the
                          specified read length, fragment length, and fragment
                          length standard deviation.

  -e, --min-overlap-outie=NUM   The minimum required overlap length between two
                          reads to provide a confident overlap in an outie scenario.
                          Default: 35bp.

  -x, --max-mismatch-density=NUM
                          Maximum allowed ratio between the number of
                          mismatched base pairs and the overlap length.
                          Two reads will not be combined with a given overlap
                          if that overlap results in a mismatched base density
                          higher than this value.  Note: Any occurence of an
                          'N' in either read is ignored and not counted
                          towards the mismatches or overlap length.  Our
                          experimental results suggest that higher values of
                          the maximum mismatch density yield larger
                          numbers of correctly merged read pairs but at
                          the expense of higher numbers of incorrectly
                          merged read pairs.  Default: 0.25.

  -O, --allow-outies      Also try combining read pairs in the "outie"
                          orientation, e.g.

                               Read 1: <-----------
                               Read 2:       ------------>

                          as opposed to only the "innie" orientation, e.g.

                               Read 1:       <------------
                               Read 2: ----------->

                          FLASH uses the same parameters when trying each
                          orientation.  If a read pair can be combined in
                          both "innie" and "outie" orientations, the
                          better-fitting one will be chosen using the same
                          scoring algorithm that FLASH normally uses.

                          This option also causes extra .innie and .outie
                          histogram files to be produced.

  -p, --phred-offset=OFFSET
                          The smallest ASCII value of the characters used to
                          represent quality values of bases in FASTQ files.
                          It should be set to either 33, which corresponds
                          to the later Illumina platforms and Sanger
                          platforms, or 64, which corresponds to the
                          earlier Illumina platforms.  Default: 33.

  -r, --read-len=LEN
  -f, --fragment-len=LEN
  -s, --fragment-len-stddev=LEN
                          Average read length, fragment length, and fragment
                          standard deviation.  These are convenience parameters
                          only, as they are only used for calculating the
                          maximum overlap (--max-overlap) parameter.
                          The maximum overlap is calculated as the overlap of
                          average-length reads from an average-size fragment
                          plus 2.5 times the fragment length standard
                          deviation.  The default values are -r 100, -f 180,
                          and -s 18, so this works out to a maximum overlap of
                          65 bp.  If --max-overlap is specified, then the
                          specified value overrides the calculated value.

                          If you do not know the standard deviation of the
                          fragment library, you can probably assume that the
                          standard deviation is 10% of the average fragment
                          length.

  --cap-mismatch-quals    Cap quality scores assigned at mismatch locations
                          to 2.  This was the default behavior in FLASH v1.2.7
                          and earlier.  Later versions will instead calculate
                          such scores as max(|q1 - q2|, 2); that is, the
                          absolute value of the difference in quality scores,
                          but at least 2.  Essentially, the new behavior
                          prevents a low quality base call that is likely a
                          sequencing error from significantly bringing down
                          the quality of a high quality, likely correct base
                          call.

  --interleaved-input     Instead of requiring files MATES_1.FASTQ and
                          MATES_2.FASTQ, allow a single file MATES.FASTQ that
                          has the paired-end reads interleaved.  Specify "-"
                          to read from standard input.

  --interleaved-output    Write the uncombined pairs in interleaved FASTQ
                          format.

  -I, --interleaved       Equivalent to specifying both --interleaved-input
                          and --interleaved-output.

  -Ti, --tab-delimited-input
                          Assume the input is in tab-delimited format
                          rather than FASTQ, in the format described below in
                          '--tab-delimited-output'.  In this mode you should
                          provide a single input file, each line of which must
                          contain either a read pair (5 fields) or a single
                          read (3 fields).  FLASH will try to combine the read
                          pairs.  Single reads will be written to the output
                          file as-is if also using --tab-delimited-output;
                          otherwise they will be ignored.  Note that you may
                          specify "-" as the input file to read the
                          tab-delimited data from standard input.

  -To, --tab-delimited-output
                          Write output in tab-delimited format (not FASTQ).
                          Each line will contain either a combined pair in the
                          format 'tag <tab> seq <tab> qual' or an uncombined
                          pair in the format 'tag <tab> seq_1 <tab> qual_1
                          <tab> seq_2 <tab> qual_2'.

  -o, --output-prefix=PREFIX
                          Prefix of output files.  Default: "out".

  -d, --output-directory=DIR
                          Path to directory for output files.  Default:
                          current working directory.

  -c, --to-stdout         Write the combined reads to standard output.  In
                          this mode, with FASTQ output (the default) the
                          uncombined reads are discarded.  With tab-delimited
                          output, uncombined reads are included in the
                          tab-delimited data written to standard output.
                          In both cases, histogram files are not written,
                          and informational messages are sent to standard
                          error rather than to standard output.

  -z, --compress          Compress the output files directly with zlib,
                          using the gzip container format.  Similar to
                          specifying --compress-prog=gzip and --suffix=gz,
                          but may be slightly faster.

  --compress-prog=PROG    Pipe the output through the compression program
                          PROG, which will be called as `PROG -c -',
                          plus any arguments specified by --compress-prog-args.
                          PROG must read uncompressed data from standard input
                          and write compressed data to standard output when
                          invoked as noted above.
                          Examples: gzip, bzip2, xz, pigz.

  --compress-prog-args=ARGS
                          A string of additional arguments that will be passed
                          to the compression program if one is specified with
                          --compress-prog=PROG.  (The arguments '-c -' are
                          still passed in addition to explicitly specified
                          arguments.)

  --suffix=SUFFIX, --output-suffix=SUFFIX
                          Use SUFFIX as the suffix of the output files
                          after ".fastq".  A dot before the suffix is assumed,
                          unless an empty suffix is provided.  Default:
                          nothing; or 'gz' if -z is specified; or PROG if
                          --compress-prog=PROG is specified.

  -t, --threads=NTHREADS  Set the number of worker threads.  This is in
                          addition to the I/O threads.  Default: number of
                          processors.  Note: if you need FLASH's output to
                          appear deterministically or in the same order as
                          the original reads, you must specify -t 1
                          (--threads=1).

  -q, --quiet             Do not print informational messages.

  -h, --help              Display this help and exit.

  -v, --version           Display version.

Run `flash2 --help | less' to prevent this text from scrolling by.